btrfs check ... looks at metadata only. You may want to check the filesystem for data corruption: Infamous Host erlangen - #4 by karlmistelberger
You may run a scrub:
erlangen:~ # btrfs scrub status /dev/sdb2
UUID: 61fc4107-d7da-4c0b-a1f4-d92aa6fc1d26
Scrub started: Sat Jul 29 07:16:18 2023
Status: finished
Duration: 3:15:57
Total to scrub: 1.17TiB
Rate: 103.43MiB/s
Error summary: csum=2637
Corrected: 0
Uncorrectable: 2637
Unverified: 0
erlangen:~ #
The above shows the drive is indeed unusable.