You are making all the correct checks.
Your screen prints did confuse me. It looks like some come from “stereo duplex” and others from “analog stereo output” so I can not confirm correct.
Your comment about the various arecords confused me. I have not recommended those. I’m not sure what I am supposed to read into them. I recommended:
arecord -vv -f S16_LE -c 2 -D hw:0,0 new.wav
where one explicity defines the input device to use. Please confirm that DOES record audio.
I REALLY NEED the output of the script
/usr/sbin/alsa-info.sh
please do not give up on getting that to work. Run it with pc connected to internet, select share/upload option, and post here URL it provides. Do you need more guidance on how to get that script to work ?