The text is too small and too dim in konsole. Are there ways to change these settings ‘permanently?’
Yes.
Konsole should take the default font from systemsettings5->Fonts.
And you can change the font, size and colors in Settings->“Edit profile…”.
Note that there currently is a bug though (fixed recently in 16.04.2) that doesn’t save changes to the default profile at first try.
Restart Konsole after changing the profile settings and new changes should stick though.
Or create a new profile yourself and set it as default (in “Manage Profiles”).