How can I exclude some packages from system update if I know they are breaking the system?

You can lock package (zypper al, see man zypper) but if newer version is requirement for some other packages, these other packages cannot be installed either. Also, packages in openSUSE are not really tested (at least, intentionally tested) for “partial update” - it is assumed that Tumbleweed is always updated completely using zypper dup. It means packages may have incomplete dependencies which break in such partial update (just recently there was long thread on factory mailing list).