When I first upgraded, my boot options were:
“openSUSE 11.2-2.6.31.5-0.1 (default),
Failsafe–openSUSE 11.2-2.6.31.5-0.1 (default), and linux (/dev/sdb1).”
Now I still have those three, plus: “Debug – openSUSE 11.2-2.6.31.5-0.1, Desktop – openSUSE 11.2-2.6.31.5-0.1, Failsafe – openSUSE 11.2-2.6.31.5-0.1 (Desktop), openSUSE 11.2-2.6.31.5-0.1 (pae), and Failsafe – openSUSE 11.2-2.6.31.5-0.1 (pae).”
Where do all those come from and why? Are they taking up limited hard drive space? What are they good for and would it behoove me to keep any or all of them?
Mainly I’m just curious, but I am space conscious after having had a nicely tweaked os break when I ran out space on the partition.
Linux images are compressed. ie: vmlinux. so they are taking up little space in the /boot folder.
the first ones you show are Linux x32 as default & failsafe.
at some point you upgraded or did a repair to x32 with x64 extentions thusly the (.pae)
Generally, the default one can boot your system with or without the GUI depending on how you set up the system. The failsafe one generally goes to the CLI (command line interface) so you can fix a broken system.
As I understand it, the pae versions provide for increased memory beyond 2GB and allow a 32 bit system to imitate a 64 bit system. If you have an x64 system and more than 2GB you are advised to upgrade to a full x64 version rather than just imitating one.
You can remove x32 versions if the pae version works for you. Do not remove the x32 versions if the pae versions don’t work right.
If the pae versions don’t work right they should be removed.
The pae debug is designed to provide debug info for tracing errors back to their source.
Thank you. I don’t have a 64-bit system. What advantages are there to a-32 bit system imitating a 64-bit system? How do the PAEs provide for increased memory? What kind of memory? What can I do, for example, on PAE that I can’t do on default? Would VirtualBox work better on PAE than on default? I have 512 MB of ram; I think 256 each for two processors. It seems to work much better than when I had 512 on one processor.
Thanks a whole lot for this kind of general information.
Having a 512mb system won’t do much for pae, it will run and may even offer some obscure benefit but until you have more ram or a true x64 I don’t think x64 or pae will help. The memory doesn’t split between the processors in a real sense. When I say memory I am referring to physical memory sticks placed into your motherboard memory slots. A single processor with 512MB does all the work whereas a dual core (2 processors) share the load in many cases and share the memory too so the processing can be faster.
your welcome … enjoy
Try marking for deletion
kernel pae
kernel desktop
kernel debug
You may get a warning about the danger of deleting the kernel. But so long as you leave kernel-default you will be fine.
Failsafe is something else.
Good luck
I can recall selecting kernel pae, kernel desktop, and kernel debug for VirtualBox, hoping that by installing everything VirtualBox, I might get lucky and performance would be improved. I removed them, but the boot options are still there, and the PAE still boots (I didn’t trying the other two).
Since they’re not taking up much space, I’m too concerned about them – mainly just curious.
But you are trying to install the nvidia driver too and you have/had mutiple kernels installed. If you install the driver it will only work with the kernel you were running when you installed.
Do this and post result: rpm --query --all ‘kernel’
When trying to unistall the ones not to keep, Yast says kernel-syms needs kernel-default-devel, kernel-xen-devel, kernel-pae-devel, kernel-desktop-devel, and kernel-debug-devel. It removed kernel-debug; when it removed kernel-pae, it also downloaded and installed kernel-pae-base.
Like I said, it’s tricky. Just keep marking them to delete and cancel the error each time until they are all marked.
See what happens when you do that.
Report back if it still has a wobbly.